湘西不同植被类型土壤重金属分布及相关性研究

【目的】探讨湘西地区不同植被下土壤环境的状况,揭示土壤富集重金属元素的规律。【方法】以湖南湘西地区针叶林、针阔混交林、阔叶林和灌木林4种森林土壤不同层次(0~15 cm和15~30 cm)的Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn为研究对象,采用单因素分析法和主成分分析法分析重金属分布及相关性。【结果】不同植被下土壤中5种重金属含量的变异系数为0.18%~0.69%,由大到小的排列顺序为Cu>Zn>Ni>Pb>Cd。主成分分析表明Cu和Cd在PC1中有较大的荷载值,在PC2中有中等的荷载值。各因素相关性分析结果显示,灌木林土壤容重与Zn之间存在显著的负相关性,针叶林土壤容重与Cu之间存在显著的正相关性;灌木林土壤有机质与Cd之间有显著的正相关性,针叶林土壤pH值与Ni和Zn之间有显著的正相关性;针阔混交林土壤pH值与Pb、Cu和Ni之间存在显著的正相关性,灌木林土壤重金属含量之间的相关性较显著。【结论】湘西地区不同植被类型土壤重金属含量的垂直分布规律存在差异,表现为针阔混交林的上层土壤中重金属含量均低于下层土壤,常绿阔叶林的上层土壤中重金属含量均高于下层土壤,而针叶林和灌木林土壤中重金属含量无差异性变化;湘西地区土壤容重、有机质、坡度、pH值、土层厚度对Cd含量的影响较大,海拔对Pb、Ni和Cu的影响较大,坡度对Ni的影响较大;湘西地区灌木林中重金属来源相同的可能性相较于其他3种植被类型更大。     

杨木预水解过程中化学组分的降解行为及P因子调控作用

预水解具有环境友好性,符合生物炼制的理念。前期关于预水解的研究多集中于半纤维素的降解、分离和利用,而有关预水解过程中木质素降解的系统研究鲜有报道。以杨木为原料,在130~210℃条件下保温30~120 min进行预水解,结合P因子研究得率、葡聚糖、木聚糖、酸不溶木质素和酸溶木质素的降解率,揭示P因子对木质素降解行为的调控作用,探讨各化学组分在预水解过程中的相互作用。研究表明,预水解过程中木质素发生了一定程度的碎片化。随温度升高和时间延长,酸不溶木质素降解率均逐渐升高;当温度为190和210℃时,随时间延长,酸溶木质素降解率先升高后降低。试验证明,P因子对杨木木质素的降解具有调控作用。随着P因子增加,酸不溶木质素降解率呈指数上升,且分为快速降解(P因子<1500)和缓慢降解(P因子>1500)两个阶段;酸溶木质素降解率先上升后下降,在P因子为1926时达到最大值45.9%。此外,预水解过程中碳水化合物和木质素的降解具有相互作用关系。碳水化合物的降解为木质素的溶出打开了物理通道,同时木质素的重新吸附阻碍了其进一步降解。     

马铃薯及土壤中烯酰吗啉的残留及消解动态研究

烯酰吗啉(dimethomorph,DMM)是一种新型内吸治疗性专用低毒杀菌剂,广泛用于晚疫病等病害的防治。为合理将烯酰吗啉用于马铃薯晚疫病防治,采用液相色谱-质谱联用(UPLC-MS)方法研究不同年份(2015、2016年)不同产地(宁夏回族自治区、黑龙江省)烯酰吗啉在马铃薯块茎、植株和土壤中的消解动态及最终残留量。结果表明:2015年和2016年烯酰吗啉在马铃薯植株中的半衰期分别为22.36 d(宁夏)、12.38 d(黑龙江)和3.69 d(宁夏)、28.88 d(黑龙江);在马铃薯土壤中的半衰期分别为231.05 d(宁夏)、6.48 d(黑龙江)和69.31 d(宁夏)、13.33 d(黑龙江)。烯酰吗啉施药剂量、次数和时间间隔不同,则其在马铃薯植株、块茎及土壤中的最终残留量也不同。施药量为1 345.5～2 018.2 g(a.i)/hm2,施药3～4次,施药间隔7 d,施药后14 d采收,收获马铃薯块茎中烯酰吗啉的残留量即均小于0.02 mg/kg,低于我国制定的马铃薯中烯酰吗啉最大残留限量值0.05 mg/kg。     

三唑酰草胺在不同类型土壤中的降解特性

为科学评价除草剂三唑酰草胺在土壤环境中的生态风险，采用室内模拟方法，研究了三唑酰草胺在吉林黑土、江西红土和安徽水稻土中的降解特性。结果表明:三唑酰草胺在土壤中的降解符合一级动力学方程。好氧条件下三唑酰草胺在3种土壤中的降解半衰期分别为86.5、106和91.4 d；厌氧条件下半衰期分别为106、130和127 d；水稻田厌氧条件下半衰期分别为162、219和188 d。研究表明，三唑酰草胺在水稻田厌氧条件下的降解速率明显慢于其他2种试验条件下。     

Effects of agriculture,climate, and policy on NDVI change in a semi-arid river basin of the Chinese Loess Plateau

In 1999, the Grain for Green Project was implemented by the Chinese government. Since then, the vegetation of Zuli River Basin, a semi-arid river basin of the Chinese Loess Plateau, has been greatly changed. Clearly understanding the impact of natural and artificial factors on vegetation change is important for policy making and ecosystem management. In this study, spatio-temporal variations in vegetation cover in Chinese Zuli River Basin during 1999–2016 were investigated using Landsat normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data. Analyses of several indicators, including changes in NDVI in different slopes and land use changes and the relationships between climatic factors and NDVI change, were presented to quantitatively evaluate the effects of agriculture, climate, and policy on NDVI change. The NDVI in the Zuli River Basin increased during the study period, and the main contributors to this change were forest in 1999–2011, cropland, abandoned farmland, and grassland in 2009–2016, and land with slopes ≤ 15°. Land with slope > 15°, where the “Project” was implemented, slightly contributed to the increase in regional NDVI. In 1999–2011, the project (?98.16%) combined with climate change (?68.18%) showed negative effects on the increase in NDVI in the Zuli River Basin, but agriculture (22.28%) played a positive role in increasing this index. In 2009–2016 and 1999–2016, the project (38.45% and 35.25%, respectively), the project combined with climate change (49.83% and 46.30%, respectively), agriculture (18.61% and 23.30%, respectively), promoted increases in NDVI in the basin.     

3株氟磺胺草醚降解真菌的分离与鉴定

为了解决大豆田除草剂氟磺胺草醚长期使用造成的残留问题,本研究利用富集培养法进行菌株筛选,利用高效液相色谱法测定其降解能力,通过形态和16S rDNA序列分析对其进行种属鉴定。结果表明,本研究从长期施用氟磺胺草醚的土壤中分离纯化出3株能以氟磺胺草醚为唯一碳源生长的真菌菌株FF1、FF2和FF3。它们在7天内对初始浓度600 mg/L氟磺胺草醚的降解率分别为21.03%、15.74%和11.88%,这3个菌株分别鉴定为Aspergillus jensenii（詹森曲霉）、Penicillium dipodomyicola（双足青霉）和Rhizopus oryzae（稻根霉菌）。这3个种属的获得为氟磺胺草醚污染土壤生物修复提供了新的菌种资源。     

冬小麦生物量及氮积累量的植被指数动态模型研究

利用遥感技术实时监测小麦生长状况,依据监测结果适时促控,可提高产量。本研究以高产小麦品种周麦27为试验材料,在不同试验地点设置了水氮耦合的大田试验,筛选出了适宜监测冬小麦地上部氮积累量和生物量的植被指数,并构建了不同产量水平下优选植被指数的动态模型。结果表明,(1)不同的水氮耦合模式显著影响小麦冠层光谱变化,在350～700nm和750～900nm表现相反的反应特征;(2)对2个农学生长指标反应敏感且兼容性好的植被指数主要有修正型红边比率(mRER)、土壤调整植被指数[SAVI(825,735)]、红边叶绿素指数(CI_(red-edge))和归一化差异光谱指数(NDSI),其与产量间相关性较好的时期为拔节至灌浆中期;(3)双Logistic模型可以很好地拟合植被指数的动态变化,高产和超高产水平下拟合精度较高(R~20.82),而低产水平下相对较低(R~2=0.608～0.736)。比较而言,CI_(red-edge)和SAVI (825, 735)用于评价小麦长势较为适宜。研究结果对作物因地定产、以苗管理、分类促控具有重要意义。     

广西西北喀斯特不同植被不同土层的土壤颗粒有机质

以广西西北喀斯特地区不同植被(草丛、灌丛、原生林)生态系统表层(0～10 cm)及深层(70～100 cm)土壤为研究对象,采用热裂解–气相–质谱(Pyr–TMAH–GC/MS)技术,研究不同植被表层与深层土壤颗粒有机质(POM)的变化特征。结果表明:表层土壤的pH值、有机碳、总氮、总磷、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均随植被的正向演替呈上升趋势;草丛表层土壤的有机碳、总磷和碱解氮含量均显著高于深层土壤的(P0.05);灌丛表层土壤的有机碳、总氮、总磷、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均显著高于深层土壤的(P0.05),灌丛表层土壤的pH值和总钾含量显著低于深层土壤的(P0.05);原生林表层土壤的总磷、速效磷和速效钾含量显著高于深层土壤的(P0.05);随着植被的正向演替,土壤POM总量呈增加趋势,表层土壤POM总量显著高于深层土壤的;土壤POM热裂解产物类型主要有木质素类、酚类、芳烃、多环芳烃及脂类化合物,木质素类化合物仅存在于表层土壤,稠环芳烃(此处指除萘和茚外的多环芳烃)占比则随植被的正向演替呈下降趋势;植被显著影响POM总量和POM热裂解产物中对羟基苯基、稠环芳烃、脂肪酸、正构烯烃、萘、氰的占比,土层深度显著影响POM总量和POM热裂解产物中对羟基苯基、愈创木基、丁香酚基、茚、脂肪酸、酮、苯、烷基苯、酚类和氰的占比,植被与土层的交互作用显著影响POM热裂解产物中对羟基苯基、萜烯和脂肪酸的占比;POM总量与有机碳、总氮、总磷、碱解氮、速效钾和速效磷含量呈显著正相关,与容重和总钾含量呈显著负相关,稠环芳烃与有机碳、总氮、总磷、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量呈显著负相关,且碱解氮和pH值显著影响POM化合物组成。可见,在喀斯特地区,土壤POM含量能反映土壤中潜在活性养分含量,可作为喀斯特地区评价不同植被恢复对土壤有机质库及土壤质量动态变化影响的敏感指标。     

草地生态系统中植被冠层截留的研究进展

草地植被冠层截留是草地生态系统对降水再分配的主要过程，属于草地生态系统蒸散发的组分之一。由于草地植被冠层截留常在草地生态系统水量平衡研究中被忽略而导致蒸散发组分的划分中存在误差。因此，讨论草地植被冠层截留对草地生态水文学的研究具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。本论文通过对目前草地植被冠层截留研究的现状和存在问题，从草地植被冠层截留的测定方法和主要的影响因素（环境因子和植被特征）2方面论述草地植被冠层截留的研究进展。分析发现，草地植被冠层截留的影响因素研究主要集中在降水特征、气象条件、放牧和植被特征等方面，各因素的综合影响研究仍然非常缺乏，测定方法的准确性有待评估。     

Soil aggregation and the stabilization of organic carbon as affected by erosion and deposition

The importance of soil aggregation in determining the dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) during erosion, transportation and deposition is poorly understood. Particularly, we do not know how aggregation contributes to the often-observed accumulation of SOC at depositional sites. Our objective was to assess how aggregation affects SOC stabilization in comparison to interactions of SOC with minerals. We determined and compared aggregate size distributions, SOC distribution in density fractions, and lignin-derived phenols from aggregated soil samples at both eroding and depositional sites. The stabilization effect of aggregation was quantified by comparing mineralization from intact and crushed macro-aggregates. Deposition of eroded soil material resulted in carbon (C) enrichment throughout the soil profile. Both macro-aggregate associated SOC and C associated with minerals (heavy fraction) increased in their importance from the eroding to the depositional site. In the uppermost topsoil (0–5 cm), SOC mineralization from intact aggregates was larger at the depositional site than at the eroding site, reflecting the large input of labile organic matter (plant residues) promoting aggregation. Contrastingly, in the subsoil, mineralization rates were lower at the depositional site because of effective stabilization by interactions with soil minerals. Aggregate crushing increased SOC mineralization by 10–80% at the eroding site, but not at the depositional site. The content of lignin-derived phenols did not differ between eroding and depositional sites in the topsoil (24.6–30.9 mg per g C) but was larger in the subsoil of the eroding site, which was accompanied by higher lignin oxidation. Lignin data indicated minor effects of soil erosion and deposition on the composition of SOC. We conclude that SOC is better protected in aggregates at the eroding than at the depositional site. During transport disaggregation and consequently SOC mineralization took place, while at the depositional site re-aggregation occurred mainly in the form of macro-aggregates. However, this macro-aggregation did not result in a direct stabilization of SOC. We propose that the occlusion of C inside aggregates serves as a pathway for the eroded C to be later stabilized by organo-mineral interaction.